A comparative study to assess the blood sugar level of post Covid patients with diabetes patients and non diabetic clients

Background: The present study aims to compare and assess the blood sugar level among post COVID patients with diabetes patient and non diabetic clients in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Material and Methods: The quantitative approach with comparative study was conducted in host institution of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. A total of 30 participants were recruited using Non-probability convenient sampling technique based on the inclusion criteria, the demographic and clinical data was collected by using structured questionnaire and the HbA1c test was used to assess the blood sugar level among the patients during post COVID period of time. Result: The outcome results identified that the mean score of HbA1c among post COVID diabetic patients was 9.82 +/- 3.22 and the mean score of HbA1c among post COVID non-diabetic patients was 5.83 +/- 3.32. The mean difference score was 3.99. The calculated Student Independent `t' test value of t = 3.345 was found to be statistically significant t p<0.001 level. This clearly infers that there was significant difference in the level of HbA1c among post COVID diabetic and non-diabetic patients in which post COVID diabetic patients had elevated HbA1c level than the non-diabetic patients. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was significant difference in the blood sugar level among the post COVID diabetic patients and non diabetic patients. Overall, the understanding of Post COVID Syndrome is improving however further research is needed for future references.In particular, patients with diabetes would require care in glycemic and risk factor control to prevent the development and severity of Post COVID Syndrome. Data on bidirectional adverse effects of diabetes and PCS are clearly needed.

An efficient and cost-effective method for directed mutagenesis at multiple dispersed sites-a case study with Omicron Spike DNA.

Site-directed mutagenesis is an invaluable technique that enables the elucidation of the contribution of specific residues to protein structure and function. The simultaneous introduction of mutations at a large number of sites (>10), singly and in multiple combinations, is often necessary to fully understand the functional contributions. We report a simple, efficient, time and cost-effective method to achieve this using commonly available molecular biology reagents and protocols, as an alternative to gene synthesis. We demonstrate this method using the Omicron Spike DNA construct as an example, and create a construct bearing 37 mutations (as compared to wild-type Spike DNA), as well as 4 other constructs bearing subsets of the full spectrum of mutations. We believe that this method can be an excellent alternative to gene synthesis, especially when three or more variants are required.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in COVID-19.

Background: COVID-19 causes a hypercoagulable state leading to thrombosis. Many of these thrombotic complications occur in those with severe disease and late in the disease course. COVID-19 has recently been associated with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Objective: To study the onset of CVT in relation to COVID-19 and compare their characteristics and outcomes with non-COVID CVT patients admitted during the same period. Materials and Methods: This multicentric, retrospective study conducted between April 4 and October 15, 2020, included adult patients with CVT who were positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus and compared them with CVT patients who were negative for the SARS-CoV-2 virus hospitalized during the same period. We studied their clinical profile, risk factors for CVT, and markers of COVID coagulopathy, imaging characteristics, and factors influencing their outcomes. Results: We included 18 COVID-19-infected patients and compared them with 43 non-COVID-19 CVT patients. Fourteen patients in the COVID-19 group presented with CVT without the other typical features of COVID-19. Thirteen patients had non-severe COVID-19 disease. Twelve patients had a good outcome (mRS ≤2). Mortality and disability outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Our study suggests a possible association between COVID-19 and CVT. CVT can be the presenting manifestation of an underlying COVID-19, occurring early in the course of COVID-19 and even in those with mild disease. Patients with worse GCS on admission, abnormal HRCT chest, severe COVID-19, and need for invasive ventilation had a poor outcome.

CLINICAL CASE STUDY: AN OVERVIEW ON LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS (LMWH) IN PATIENTS

Heparin is a sulphate polysaccharide of glycosaminoglycan that is made predominantly by mast cells of connective tissue. It is used in the management of thromboembolic problems in medicine. Heparin acts as a catalyst for antithrombin III, increasing its activity by thousand times. The larger heparin species catalyses the inactivation of activated factors II and X, in contrast LMWH inactivates the activated factor X. The final effect for both is systemic anti-coagulation. Heparin also produces platelet aggregating antibodies and causes coagulopathy in rare conditions. LMWH especially Enoxaparin (Inj Clexane) proved an effective treatment in patients with Covid -19 infection by preventing thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism thereby, helped in survival of the patients by reducing the risk of death due to coagulation and fibrosis. Hence, clinical trial reports and SOAP analysis of clinical case studies in random subjects and patients reported the over-view of advantages using LMWH heparins in disease management and emergency traumatic injuries produced a beneficial role of using LMWH over unfractioned heparins.

Paper-Based Point-Of-Care Biosensor for Covid-19

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has developed into a universal pandemic. The harmful effects of corona virus have provoked the advance of diagnostic tools to supervise the spread of disease. While conservative technologies have been mostly used to detect COVID-19, they are protracted, manual and are unavailable in distant settings. Point-of-care (POC) biosensors, including paper-based biosensors are characteristicallylow-priced and accessible, which presentincredibleprospective for speedy medical diagnosis. In view of the risinginsist for quick diagnosis of COVID-19, a mini review that summarizes the currentadvancement in developing POC biosensors for COVID-19 is exceedinglyattractive. In this article, the most modern advances in POC biosensors, including paper-based biosensors for the recognition of COVID-19 infection are reviewed.

PdCl2-catalyzed synthesis of a new class of isocoumarin derivatives containing aminosulfonyl / aminocarboxamide moiety: First identification of a isocoumarin based PDE4 inhibitor.

While anti-inflammatory properties of isocoumarins are known their PDE4 inhibitory potential was not explored previously. In our effort the non-PDE4 inhibitor isocoumarins were transformed into the promising inhibitors via introducing an aminosulfonyl/aminocarboxamide moiety to the C-3 benzene ring attached to the isocoumarin framework. This new class of isocoumarins were synthesized via a PdCl2-catalyzed construction of the 4-allyl substituted 3-aryl isocoumarin ring starting from the appropriate 2-alkynyl benzamide derivative. Several compounds showed good inhibition of PDE4B in vitro and the SAR indicated superiority of aminosulfonamide moiety over aminocarboxamide in terms of PDE4B inhibition. Two compounds 3q and 3u with PDE4B IC50 = 0.43 ± 0.11 and 0.54 ± 0.19 µM and ≥ 2-fold selectivity over PDE4D emerged as initial hits. The participation of aminosulfonamide moiety in PDE4B inhibition and the reason for selectivity though moderate shown by 3q and 3u was revealed by the in silico docking studies. In view of potential usefulness of moderately selective PDE4B inhibitors the compound 3u (that showed PDE4 selectivity over other PDEs) was further evaluated in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. At an intraperitoneal dose of 30 mg/kg the compound showed a significant reduction in paw swelling (in a dose dependent manner), inflammation and pannus formation (in the knee joints) as well as pro-inflammatory gene expression/mRNA levels and increase in body weight. Moreover, besides its TNF-α inhibition and no significant toxicity in an MTT assay the compound did not show any adverse effects in a thorough toxicity studies e.g. teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish. Thus, the isocoumarin 3u emerged as a new, safe and moderately selective PDE4B inhibitor could be useful for inflammatory diseases possibly including COVID-19.